SPACE 2/SPACE - Library 2 - Volume 1.iso/apps/37/stwman.doc

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What is a Word Processor?

Whether  you're a student facing a term paper, a business professional
with frequent reports to write, or an aspiring novelist, ST Writer can
help  you beat those deadlines -- with time to spare.  No more tedious
typing  and retyping of drafts; ST Writer lets you edit and reorganize
your copy until it's just right.

What  exactly  can  ST  Writer  do for you?  One advantage is that you
never  have  to  press  the  [Return]  key to end a line of text while
typing  --  the  program does it for you automatically.  Also, you can
change  all  or any incidences of a given word in your text to another
word  --  for instance, you can instantly change the word "pleased" to
"glad"  anywhere  it appears in your text with just a few keystrokes.
ST  Writer  lets  you  center text or print it flush against the right
margin,  and you can print with left and right justification.  You can
mark  a block of text and then delete, copy it, or move it to anywhere
else  in  the text (or to another file!).  Made a mistake?  Just press
the  [Undo]  key  and start fresh!  There's lots more, and you'll find
out about it by reading this manual.

Quickly  and step by step, this guide shows you everything you need to
know  to  use  ST  Writer.  The first section tells you how to load ST
Writer  into  your  ATARI ST computer, and presents an overview of the
program.   The  second  section gives you a brief text to enter, edit,
and  print,  along  with  how-to  instructions  for  each  step; after
printing your first ST Writer document, you'll also learn how to store
and  retrieve  what  you  write using a disk drive.  By working with a
longer  passage  in the third section, you'll learn about the advanced
editing,  formatting,  and  printing  features of ST Writer.  Finally,
you'll  find  a  complete,  alphabetical  Reference  Guide  to all the
features of ST Writer in the back of the guide.



Getting Started

Here's  how  to  load your ST Writer word processing program into your
Atari ST computer.

1.  With  your  computer  turned  off,  turn  on your monitor and disk
drive(s).  Insert your ST Writer disk.  If you do not have TOS in ROM,
you  will  have  to insert your TOS System Disk instead.  Turn on your
computer.

2.  When  the GEM desktop appears, remove your TOS System Disk (if you
have  used  it)  and place your ST Writer disk in the drive, or if you
have two drives, place the ST Writer disk in the second drive.  Open a
window  for  the  disk  drive  by double-clicking on the icon for that
drive.

3.  Run  ST  Writer  by  clicking twice on the icon (or text filename)
labelled STWRITER.PRG.

Note: You can run ST Writer in any of the ST's three resolutions: low,
medium,  and  high.  Low resolution gives you 22 lines and 40 columns;
with  medium  resolution,  22  lines  and  80  columns,  and with high
resolution  you  get  25  lines  and  80  columns.   Also,  using high
resolution  gives  you  the option of 37 screen lines.  Simply use the
GEM desktop to set the resolution you desire before running ST Writer.
You  may  also wish to change the default screen colors and key repeat
rate  from  the  desktop  before  running  ST Writer, although you can
change  these  once  ST  Writer is running if you are in GEM mode (GEM
mode will be explained later).

What's on the menu?

Take  a  minute now to look over the selections available and see what
you  can  use  each  one  for.   While working with ST Writer, you can
return to this menu at any time by pressing the [Esc] key in the upper
left corner of your computer keyboard.

CREATE File - Start writing a new text file.

DELETE File - Erase a file that you've stored on diskette.

EDIT  File  -  Revise  a  file that you've just printed or loaded from
diskette.

FORMAT  Disk - Format a data diskette for storing text files you write
with ST Writer.

INDEX of Files - Call up a listing of the text files on a diskette.

HIRES  Flip-flop  (high res only) - switch high res display between 22
lines and 37 lines.

LOAD File - Load a file from diskette into your computer.

PRINT  File  -  Print  a text file on the printer, the screen, or to a
disk file.

SAVE File - Save a file on diskette.

RECEIVE  AtariWriterTM  -  Receive  file  transmitted from 8-bit Atari
Computer  using  Atari  850  Interface Module and null modem cable, or
load  in an intact AtariWriter file obtained by other means (eg., from
a bulletin board).

TRANSFORM  Colors  -  reverse  screen  colors  --  black  to white and
vice-versa.

QUIT - Stop using ST Writer and exit to the desktop.


Talking to ST Writer...and making it run.

With the ST Writer menu on the screen, type C for Create File.  Take a
few minutes to become familiar with the edit screen that now appears.

The small flashing rectangle (or square) near the upper left corner of
the  screen  is  the cursor.  It shows you where you are on the screen
while  you're  working  with  ST  Writer  --  whether  you're writing,
editing, or responding to the prompts and questions that appear in the
Message Window at the bottom of your screen.

Many  of  the  questions  that  ST Writer asks you require a yes or no
response.  You can answer by typing Y or N.

If  ST  Writer  finds  a  mistake in an entry or command, or detects a
problem  in  your computer system, it displays an error message in the
Message Window.  In most cases when you see an error message, you must
press a key before continuing.

In this guide you'll find several instructions such as "press [control
P]"  or "press [Shift Tab]."  To execute these keystroke combinations,
hold  down  the first key while typing the second.  You may already be
familiar with this technique; if not, you'll soon get the hang of it.


Clean copy in minutes

When  they  first  learn  to use a word processing system, many people
want  to  tell  their friends about it.  So here's a letter for you to
type, edit, and print that won't just teach you about ST Writer -- you
can  also  use  the  finished  copy  to show a friend what a fine word
processor you are using.

But  first,  a  couple  of  features  of ST Writer that you'll need to
understand to type your letter.

With  ST Writer you don't use the Return key on your computer keyboard
the  way  you  do  on a conventional typewriter.  When you're typing a
word  that  will  overflow  the  right margin of the screen, ST Writer
automatically  moves the cursor -- and the word -- to the beginning of
the  next  line.   Press  [Return]  (or  [Enter])  at  the end of each
paragraph, or to insert blank lines in what you're writing.  ST Writer
inserts  an inverse video "less-than" sign (<) (colored red in low and
medium res) at that point to show the [Return] and moves the cursor to
the left margin of the next screen line.

To  mark  the  beginning of a paragraph, press [Control P].  ST Writer
displays an inverse video (red in low and medium res) letter P at that
point on the screen.

Now  you're  ready to go.  Select Create File from the ST Writer menu,
if  you  haven't already.  The display switches to the editing screen.
For  now,  ignore the Print Formatting Block at the top of the screen.
Just  enter  today's  date  on the first line, fill in the name of the
person you want to write to after the word "Dear," and type away.  And
don't  worry about typos -- you'll be able to fix them in a jiffy when
you edit with ST Writer.

Today's date [Return]

[Return]
[Return]

Dear .........[Return]
[Return]
[Control P] As you can see, I'm not writing this letter on
my old typewriter.  Instead, I'm breaking in my new
ST Writer word processing program, composing
and editing on my monitor screen.  When I've finished
writing, I can print a copy -- or dozens of copies -- just
by pressing a few keys on my computer console.
[Return]

[Control P] And no more typos -- or at least, no more
retyping to get rid of them.  I can easily delete or
change letters, words, sentences, or paragraphs.  Or
say I use a word or phrase several times in a piece of
writing, and decide later that I want to change it.  I
can have the computer automatically search out
every use of it and substitute something different.
[Return]

[Control P] ST Writer will print the things I write just
about any way I want.  I can vary the margins, in-
dent paragraphs or blocks of text, and change line
spacing just as with a typewriter, but more easily.  I
can also print pages with justified right margins.
[Return]

Now  add  a paragraph of your own if you like, preceded by [Control P]
and  followed  by  [Return];  then  add  a  closing and press [Return]
again.

Quick editing with ST Writer

Now  that you've created your first text file, you can go back and fix
any  mistakes  you made.  And if you want to rephrase anything to make
it more your style -- by all means!

No  need to return to the ST Writer menu and select Edit File; you can
edit a text file while still in the Create File mode (select Edit File
to  revise  a  text  file  that  you've  retrieved  from  diskette, as
explained in "To load a text file").

While  editing, you'll probably want to move the cursor quickly around
the  screen  from  one  problem area to the next.  Refer to your Quick
Reference  Guide  (see  file  QUIKREF.TXT)  for  the  Cursor  movement
controls you can use to do this.

To  start editing at the top of your letter, for example, press [Shift
F1]  to  move to the top of your file.  F1 is the first key in the row
of  ten  function  keys  at the top of your keyboard.  Now you can use
[down  arrow]  to  scan  quickly  through what you've typed, and [left
arrow]  and  [right  arrow] to move the cursor to anything you want to
change  or  correct.   When  you  reach  the  last line of text on the
screen, just keep moving the cursor down -- the text will scroll up to
show more of what you've written.  You can also page through your text
file,  up or down, by pressing [Shift up arrow] or [Shift down arrow].
Press  [Control A], or [Control (left arrow)] to move to the beginning
of  a line, and [Control Z], or [Control (right arrow)] to move to the
end of a line.  To move instantly to the end of a file, press F1.

To  correct  a typo or replace a word or phrase, you first must either
delete  the  wrong characters or words, and type in the correction, or
press  [Insert]  to  enter  the "type-over" mode, allowing you to type
directly  over  the  incorrect  text.  Be careful, though, not to type
over  wanted  text,  as  once this is done, the typed-over text is not
retrievable.   Pressing [Insert] again returns you to the insert mode.
Refer to the Delete text commands in your Quick Reference Guide.

After  deleting what you want, just type in your correction or change.
ST  Writer  automatically  makes  room for as much new material as you
want to add.  To insert a whole new sentence, paragraph, or more, just
position  the  cursor  where  you want to add text and type in the new
material.

Whenever  you  delete  a line or block of text, the last line or block
deleted  is retained in the failsafe text buffer of your computer.  To
restore  the  deleted text, press [Undo] to insert the deleted text at
the current cursor position.

From screen to paper

You're  now  ready to print your clean, edited letter.  Make sure that
your  printer  is  properly connected to your computer and turned on.
Press  [Esc] to return to the ST Writer menu, and select Print File by
pressing [P].

Then  press  [Return]  four  times  at  the four prompts with which ST
Writer  presents you -- they will be discussed in detail later in this
manual.  Next ST Writer looks for a printer configuration file on your
disk  (see  Printer  Configuration  File  in Reference Guide).  Now ST
Writer  formats,  then  prints  your  letter.  To halt printing at any
time,  press  the [Esc] key (or [Control S] to pause) on your computer
keyboard.

You  may have to experiment a bit, adjusting the paper in your printer
before  printing  your  files,  to  get the correct top margin on your
printed  pages.   The  top  margin  on your letter should be about one
inch.

How much can you write with ST Writer?

You  can  enter  between  180,000  up to about 3,800,000 (depending on
system)  characters,  or  bytes,  in  ST  Writer's text editor.  While
editing  or  creating  a  file,  the  amount  of remaining free memory
appears  constantly  in  the  Message  Window.  The free edit space is
shown  in bytes.  A byte is roughly equivalent to one typed character.
You  can  figure  on  about 1500 bytes for each standard double-spaced
page.   It's  a good idea to leave yourself an adequate margin of free
memory in every file you write, just in case you want to add to a file
later on.

When your computer is close to running out of free memory, the message
"WARNING  -  memory  low" (at 500 bytes left) or "!!!WARNING!!! Almost
out  of  memory"  (at  200 bytes left) appears in the Message Window.
When  this  happens,  it's  a  good idea to stop writing and save what
you've written -- you'll need a margin of free memory if you decide to
revise  or  add  to the file later on.  After saving the text, start a
new file to continue the document you're working on.

To save a text file

Here's  the  procedure  for  saving  a text file.  Try it now with the
letter you've written about ST Writer.

First  return  to  the ST Writer menu and select Save File by pressing
[S].  ST Writer prompts you to enter the Save filename.

Insert  a  formatted  diskette  (if your disk isn't formatted, you can
have  ST  Writer format it for you -- see Format Disk in the Reference
Guide).   Then  type  a  filename  or  Path  name for your text file.
Filenames may be up to eight characters in length, optionally followed
by  a  period and an extender of up to three characters (e.g. STWRITER
or  STWRITER.TXT).  A path name indicates the name of a folder that is
to  contain  the  file, as well as the file name, separated by a slash
(e.g.  LETTERS\STWRITER).   See  Path  name in the Reference Guide for
further information.  All alphanumeric characters (A-Z, a-z, and 0-9),
except  a  space, and punctuation can be used in ST Writer filenames.
If you enter lower case letters, they will be converted to upper case.
After entering the filename, press [RETURN].

If  while  saving a file ST Writer finds that there's not enough space
on  your  diskette  to accommodate the file, the program gives you the
message Disk is full.  Press any letter to return to the main menu and
try another disk -- format one if necessary.

If  you  want  to  lock  (prevent overwriting) a text file that you've
saved to diskette, see Locking files in the Reference Guide.

It's  always  a  good idea to make a backup copy of every diskette you
store  files  on  -- just so you'll have a duplicate in the event that
something happens to your original diskette.

Long  documents  --  anything that will more than fill your computer's
memory  --  must  be  created and saved in segments, with each segment
assigned  a  different  filename.  This is where the filename extender
comes  in  handy.  You can tie together the various segments of a long
piece  of  writing  by  giving them all a common filename, and use the
extender  for  each to keep track of their proper order.  As you saved
each  segment  of a document named REPORT, for example, you could name
successive  segments  REPORT.1, REPORT.2 and so forth.  You can easily
print  the  various segments of such a document in any order you wish;
see Chaining print files in the Reference Guide.

To load a text file

Using  ST  Writer  to  load  a  text  file from a disk drive into your
computer's  memory is much like saving a file.  You just move the file
in the opposite direction.  Here's the procedure; try it now with your
letter about ST Writer.

Though  you've  just  saved  the  letter,  it  also  remains  in  your
computer's  memory.   To  load  it back in from your disk drive, first
return  to  the ST Writer menu and select Create File by pressing [C].
ST  Writer asks, Erase file in memory, Y/N?  Type Y.  ST Writer erases
the  letter from your computer's memory and presents you with an empty
edit screen.

Now  return to the menu (press [Esc]) and select Load File by pressing
L,  at  which  point  ST  Writer  asks,  Load  File:.  Insert the data
diskette that contains the file you want to load and type the complete
filename  or  path name for that file and press [Return].  If the file
loaded  is  not  an  ST Writer file, you will be asked if you want any
embedded  tabs  changed  to  spaces (5 spaces per tab).  If you simply
press [Return], they will be converted.  If you are trying to maintain
the  same  tab  spacing and are planning to "SAVE ASCII", you may wish
not  to  have  the tabs converted.  If so, just don't try to print the
file  if you chose not to convert the tabs, since any lines containing
the tab character [Control I] will be blank.

If  while  loading  a  file  ST  Writer overflows your computer's free
memory,  the  loading  process  is halted and the message Buffer full,
file  not  loaded  appears on your screen.  That part of the file that
was loaded prior to this message is erased from memory.

A word processing wonderland

To show you more of what you can do with ST Writer, this section gives
you  another  text  file  to  type,  edit, format, and print.  You may
recognize it.

Go  to  the  menu  and  select Create File.  If there's a file in your
computer's  memory, ST Writer asks, Erase File in Memory, Y/N?  Type Y
to erase the file from your computer's memory.

Again, ignore the Print Formatting Block at the top of your screen for
now  -- you can experiment with various formats after you've typed and
edited  the  text  file.   Just  type the passage below (from Alice in
Wonderland)  as  it  appears, but do not type the paragraph numbers in
the  left  margin  -- they're for ease of reference during the editing
you'll  do  later  on.   Before  you  begin typing, here's a tip and a
reminder.

To  begin  underlining  some  text, press [Shift F3], which inserts an
underline  character.  To turn underlining off, press [Shift F3] again
to  insert  another  underline  character.   All text between pairs of
underline   characters,   including  spaces  between  words,  will  be
underlined.   You  can  underline as you type, or return to a document
after it's typed to underline passages.

Don't  forget  to  mark  the  beginning  of each paragraph by pressing
[Control P], and the end of each paragraph by pressing [Return].


1  "Why,"  said  the  Dodo, "the best way to explain it is to do it."
(And,  as you might like to try the thing yourself, some winter day, I
will tell you how the Dodo managed it.)

2  First it marked out a race-course, in a sort of circle, ("the exact
shape  doesn't  matter,"  it said,) and then all the party were placed
along  the course, here and there.  There was no "One, two, three, and
away!"  but they began running when they liked, and left off when they
liked,  so  that  it  was  not  easy  to know when the race was over.
However, when they had been running half-an-hour or so, and were quite
dry  again, the Dodo suddenly called out, "The race is over!" and they
all crowded round it, panting, and asking, "But who has won?"

3  This  question  the  Dodo  could not answer without a great deal of
thought, and it stood for a long time with one finger pressed upon its
forehead,  (the  position in which you usually see Shakespeare, in the
pictures  of him), while the rest waited in silence.  At last the Dodo
said, "Everybody has won, and all must have prizes."

4 "But who is to give the prizes?" quite a chorus of voices asked.

5  "Why,  she,  of  course," said the Dodo, pointing to Edith with one
finger; and the whole party at once crowded round her, calling out, in
a confused way, "Prizes! Prizes!"

6 "But she must have a prize herself, you know," said the Mouse.

7 Edith had no idea what to do, and in despair she put her hand in her
pocket,  and  pulled  out a box of comfits (luckily the salt water had
not  got into it), and handed them round as prizes.  There was exactly
one a-piece, all round.

8 "Of course," the Dodo replied very gravely.  "What else have you got
in your pocket?" it went on, turning to Edith.

9 "Only a thimble," said Edith sadly.

10 "Hand it over here," said the Dodo.

11 Edith thought it rather absurd to give away her thimble just so the
Dodo could give it back to her.  But she handed it over, just to humor
the old bird.

12  Then they all crowded round her once more, while the Dodo solemnly
presented the thimble, saying, "We beg your acceptance of this elegant
thimble";  and,  when  it  had  finished  this  short speech, they all
cheered.


Advanced editing with ST Writer

If  you  recognized  the  passage  you  just  typed -- it's from Lewis
Carroll's  whimsical  Alice  in Wonderland -- you may be aware that it
contains  some errors.  Here are some ST Writer techniques for putting
it  in  order.   Each  of these major functions is also highlighted in
your Quick Reference Guide.

Deleting blocks of text

With  ST  Writer you can delete a long passage from a piece of writing
without  having to erase it letter by letter or line by line.  In your
passage  from  Alice  in Wonderland, for example, paragraph 11 doesn't
belong there and should be deleted.

To  delete  a  block  of  text  you  must  first  place markers at the
beginning  and  end  of  the  text  to be deleted.  First position the
cursor  under the first character of the passage you want to delete --
in  this case, under the paragraph marker before "Edith thought it..."
--  and press [Shift F5].  ST Writer inserts an inverse quotation mark
at that point on the screen.

Next, move the cursor down to the end of what you want to delete -- in
this case, under the paragraph marker at the beginning of paragraph 12
(in order to include the [Return] symbol at the end of the passage you
want  to  delete)  --  and  press  [Shift F5] again.  ST Writer places
another inverse quote mark at that point.

To  erase  the text block, press F5.  The block will be erased without
any  prompts.   However,  if  you  change your mind about deleting the
block,  you  can  bring it back simply by pressing the [Undo] key.  In
fact, you can insert the deleted block anywhere in your text by moving
the cursor to the desired location, then pressing [Undo].

Each  time  you delete a line or block of text, a failsafe text buffer
(a  temporary  holding  section  of  memory)  is reinitialized and the
deleted text is placed in the buffer, and remains there until the next
deletion.   The  failsafe  buffer holds about 40,000 characters.  If a
block  is  too  large  for  the  buffer,  the prompt Too large for Cut
Buffer, cut anyway? appears.  Pressing Y will delete the block without
saving it in the buffer.

Moving blocks of text

There's  also  a  paragraph in your passage that's out of place -- the
Mouse's  remark  in  paragraph  6  should  follow paragraph 7.  To put
things  in  order, you don't have to delete the out-of-place paragraph
and retype it where it should be.  ST Writer will move a block of text
for you.

The  procedure  for  moving  a  block  of  text  is much like that for
deleting  a  block of text.  Press [Shift F5] at the beginning of what
you  want  to  move and again at the end.  ST Writer places an inverse
quotation mark at each point.

Finally,  place the cursor where you want to reposition the text to be
moved  --  in  this  case,  under  the  paragraph  marker  that begins
paragraph  8  --  and  press  [Shift  Insert].   ST Writer deletes the
specified  text  block  from  its  old  place  and inserts it where it
belongs.

Search and replace with ST Writer

In  your  passage from Alice in Wonderland, the girl who hands out the
prizes is of course not Edith, but Alice herself.  But with ST Writer,
you  don't  have to go back and change each use of Edith to Alice.  ST
Writer  will  search  out and replace any specified string wherever it
appears in a text file.

To  use this search-and-replace function, first position the cursor at
the  top of your file (a quick way is to press [Shift F1]), then press
[Shift  F7].   When ST Writer prompts you to enter the  Replace <ESC>:
string,  type  in the word Edith and press [Esc].  Using the [Esc] key
to  terminate  search  strings  allows  you to search for strings that
include  the [Return] character.  This is the text for which ST Writer
must search.

Next  ST  Writer  prompts you to enter the text you want to substitute
for  the  search string with the prompt With <ESC>:.  Type in the word
Alice,  then  press [Esc].  ST Writer now searches the entire text for
the  word  Edith,  and  replaces  it  with  the word Alice wherever it
occurs.

This  is  known  as a global unqueried search-and-replace, which means
that all occurrences of the search phrase are replaced without further
prompting.   ST  Writer  can  also  perform a case-by-case replacement
operation,  in  which  you are prompted to confirm each substitution.
Press F7 to perform a query search-and-replace operation.

Notes on Search-and-Replace

When  you  enter a word or phrase to be searched for, you must type it
exactly  as it appears in your text file.  When the string is a single
short word, like son, that might appear in your file as part of longer
words,  it's  a good idea to type in blank spaces before and after it.
If  you  do  this,  however,  be sure to include the same blank spaces
before and after the phrase you're substituting for the search string;
and keep in mind that ST Writer will not recognize occurrences of such
a   search  string  that  are  immediately  preceded  or  followed  by
punctuation marks.

You    can   also   use   the   search-and-replace   function   as   a
search-and-delete tool.  To do this, simply press [Esc] when ST Writer
asks  for  a  replacement  string.   ST  Writer will delete the search
string  and  close  up  the resulting blank space, whether you proceed
with a case-by-case or global search.

Getting your text files in shape

With  ST  Writer  you can print what you write in just about any shape
you  want  by  using  a variety of formatting commands.  Some of these
commands,  entered  in  the  Print Formatting Block at the top of your
screen,  control  the  overall  formatting of your text file.  Others,
entered within your text file while you're creating or editing it, are
used  to specify variations from the overall format.  Others still are
used to specify some special formatting features of ST Writer.

In  the next several pages, you'll find instructions for using all the
formatting  commands,  along  with  some suggestions for using most of
them  to  shape  up  your  passage  from  Alice  in  Wonderland.   The
formatting commands are also outlined in your Quick Reference Guide.

Print Preview

As  you experiment with various formatting commands, you might wish to
observe  the  results  of  these commands on the final printed form of
your  text  without  waiting  for an actual printout.  You can preview
your  final document on the monitor screen by printing the text to the
screen  instead  of  paper.  To do this, press [Esc], if necessary, to
return  to  the  ST  Writer  menu,  then  select  Print File.  You are
prompted Enter Printer, Disk, Screen, spooLer?  Type S, press [Return]
twice,  and  your  text  will be printed to the screen exactly the way
you've  formatted  it.   Stop and start the scrolling text by pressing
[Control  S]  to stop and any key to restart, or escape to the menu by
pressing [Esc].

Overall file formatting

By  now the Print Formatting Block at the top of a text file should be
a  familiar  sight.   Each  of  the  inverse video (colored in low and
medium  res)  letters  in it represents a command that will affect the
overall  formatting  of  the  file.   The  number to the right of each
letter is the formatting value for that command.

Shown below -- and in the Print Formatting Block each time you begin a
new  file -- are the default values for overall formatting.  ST Writer
will  use  these  values  to  format  your file unless, of course, you
change them.

To set your own formatting values, just move the cursor into the Print
Formatting Block (pressing [Shift F1] is the quickest way), delete the
number displayed for the value you want to change, and type in the new
value.  Try reformatting your passage from Alice in Wonderland to some
new  values,  as suggested on the next two pages, or to values of your
own choice.


B12 Bottom margin: 12 half-lines, or 1 inch

D4  Paragraph  spacing:  4  blank  half-lines (double spacing) between
paragraphs

G0 Print style: 10 characters per inch (CPI)

I5 Paragraph indentation: 5 spaces from left margin

J0 Justified right margin: OFF

L10 Left margin: 10 spaces from left edge of page

R70 Right margin: 70 spaces from left edge of page

S2 Line spacing: 2 half-lines, or single spacing

T12 Top margin: 12 half-lines, or 1 inch

Y132 Page length: 132 half-lines, or 11 inches


Line  spacing,  S,  is  set in terms of half-lines.  For double-spaced
printing,  delete 2 and type in 4.  For triple spacing, set this value
at  6.   Only  even  numbers  can be used.  (Entering odd numbers will
cause ST Writer to use the next highest even number.)

Paragraph  spacing,  D,  is  set  in terms of blank half-lines between
paragraphs.   For single spacing between paragraphs, delete 4 and type
in 2.  Only even numbers can be used.

Paragraph  indentation,  I,  is  measured in character spaces from the
left margin.  For more or less indentation than the default value of 5
spaces,  delete  the 5 and type in the value you want (up to 20).  The
number  may  be  negative for outdenting.  For block-style paragraphs,
without  any  indentation  of  the first line, enter the number 0 (and
make  sure  that  your  paragraph  spacing  is  greater than your line
spacing).

Top and bottom margins, T and B, are measured from the top and bottom,
respectively  of each page.  So, to change them both from one inch (12
half-lines)  to  one and a half inches, set them at 18 instead of 12.
Only even numbers can be used.

Left  and right margins, L and R, on the other hand, are both measured
from  the  left edge of the page.  For wider margins, try substituting
15 for 10 as the value for L, and 65 for 70 as the value for R.

You'll  probably  want  to experiment a bit to find the left and right
margins  you  prefer,  depending  on  the  print style you select (see
below) and the kind of printer you have.  ST Writer will accept values
1  through  188  for  the left margin and 11 through 198 for the right
margin.   If  you  have a 40-column printer, be sure to set your right
margin within the range of 2 through 40.

The  justified  right  margins  command, J, works like a simple On/Off
switch.   The default value of 0 gives you nonjustified (ragged) right
margins.   For  justified  right margins, delete the 0 after the J and
type in 1.

Page  length,  Y,  does not determine the number of lines printed on a
page  (that's  set by your top and bottom margins).  Rather, ST Writer
uses  the page length setting to determine where the next printed page
will  begin.   Keep  your  page length set at 132 for 8 1/2 by 11-inch
paper.   224  is ST Writer's maximum page length (for 14" paper length
and  printer  setting  of 8 lines per inch [Note:  default lines are 6
per inch]).  Only even numbers can be used.

To  print  out a text file continuously, without page breaks, set your
top and bottom margins to 0.

In  print  styles, G, also known as fonts, your choices depend on what
kind of printer you have.

The  default print style of ST Writer is 10 CPI (PICA), represented by
the  0  next  to  the  G in the Print Formatting Block.  To format for
condensed  print,  delete the 0 and type in 2; for italics, type in 4;
for ELITE, type in 8.

Although  the  print  styles you select are not represented as such on
your  screen  in print preview, the number of characters displayed per
line is normally the same as it will be in your printed file.

For  double-column  printing,  you  must enter formatting commands and
values  for  the  margins of the second (right-hand) column of print.
Enter these commands and values at the top of your text file to format
the  entire  file for double-column printing -- just insert them as if
you were adding text at the beginning of the line just below the Print
Formatting Block.  To set the left margin for the second column, press
[Control  M],  then  type  the  number  of the margin setting you want
(measured in character spaces from the left edge of the page).  To set
the right margin for the second column, press [Control N] and type the
number   of  the  setting  you  want.   To  discontinue  double-column
printing,  set  the  second  left margin [Control M] to 0 (zero).  You
cannot change print pitch while printing double-column.

Of  course,  you  may  also  have to adjust your settings for L and R,
which control the margins for the first (left-hand) column of print in
double  column  printing.  Always be sure that your first-column right
margin  and  second-column  left  margin do not overlap.  Also, do not
make the T or B margin settings different for the two columns.

Formatting variations within a file

You  can  specify  variations in the format wherever you want within a
file  by  entering  commands  directly  in your text.  In addition, ST
Writer offers a number of special formatting features; for these, too,
you enter commands directly in your text.

You  can  enter these commands singly or in combination, when creating
or  editing  a text file.  For best results, enter new format commands
on a separate line (that is, don't type text on the same line), type a
space  after the numeric value for each command, and press [Return] to
start  subsequent text on a new line.  Note: the one exception to this
case is Print style, ([Control G]), with which you can include text on
the  same  line.   For  example,  you can italicize a single word on a
line.   Follow  the [Control G] with the number (0 through 15) for the
print  style  followed  by  a  hyphen  (or  any character except for a
number.   This  delimiting character will not be printed in the text.
However,  remember,  you  cannot  change  print  pitch  while printing
double-column.  You may do bold, italics, or elongated print in double
column, nevertheless.

To  specify variations from the overall formatting values displayed in
the  Print Formatting Block, use the commands shown below, followed by
the  new value.  ST Writer displays the appropriate letter (in inverse
video)  and  number  wherever you enter one of these commands.  (These
letters and numbers will not appear on your printed pages.)

Bottom margin            [Control B]

Double-column printing:
2nd-column left margin   [Control M]
2nd-column right margin  [Control N]

Justified right margins  [Control J]

Left margin              [Control L]

Line spacing             [Control S]

Paragraph indentation    [Control I]

Paragraph spacing        [Control D]

Print style(font)        [Control G]

Right margin             [Control R]

Top margin               [Control T]

At  the  end  of  the  portion  of  text that you want varied from the
overall format, use the same commands to re-enter the original overall
formatting  value  -- or whatever new value you want for the text that
follows.

The special formatting features of ST Writer also require you to enter
commands  directly  in your text.  Again, you can enter these commands
singly  or  in  combination  with  other  formatting  commands,  while
creating or editing a file.  ST Writer displays the appropriate letter
or letters in inverse video wherever you enter one of these commands.

Elongated print

With some printers, including the ATARI SMM 804 Dot Matrix Printer, ST
Writer  enables  you  to print text in elongated characters, which are
twice normal width.  Any print style can be elongated.

To  format  a portion of text for elongated print, press [Shift F9] at
the  beginning  of  that  portion  of text and [Shift F9] again at the
end.

If  you  like,  try  this feature in combination with the next feature
described  to  add  a  striking  title  to  your passage from Alice in
Wonderland.

When  you  examine  a  formatted text file in print preview, elongated
characters  are  displayed  as  normal.   But  keep  in mind that when
printed they'll be twice as wide as normal, so anything more than half
a  line  of  text that you format for elongated print will run over to
the next line.

Centering text

To  center lines of text -- a useful option for titles and headings --
press  [Control  C]  at the beginning of each line to be centered.  At
the  end of the line, press [Return].  (If you decide to center a line
while editing, don't forget to insert a [Return], if necessary, at the
end of the line.)

If  you  like,  add  a centered title in elongated print at the top of
your passage from Alice in Wonderland -- something like:

[Control C][Shift F9] Alice Gets a Surprise [Return]
[Control C] For Her Prize [Shift F9] [Return]

Always be sure that no line of text to be centered exceeds the overall
line length determined by the left and right margins that you set.

Blocking text right

To  have  a  line of text print out flush with the right margin of the
page,  press  [Control  C] twice in succession at the beginning of the
line  to be blocked.  Each line to be blocked right must be ended with
a [Return].

If  you like, try this out by adding something like this at the end of
your passage from Alice in Wonderland:

[Control C][Control C] -- from Alice in Wonderland [Return]

[Control C][Control C] by Lewis Carroll [Return]

Always  be  sure that no line of text to be blocked right exceeds your
overall page margins.

Headers, footers, and page numbering

A  header is a line or two of text that is printed at the top of every
page  of your final printed output.  A footer appears on the bottom of
each  page.   If  you want, ST Writer will place headers or footers of
one  or two lines on each page of your printed text files.  By using a
page numbering command in combination with a header or footer command,
you can also have ST Writer number your printed pages.

To  specify  a  header,  press  [Control H], then type the text of the
header  and  press  [Return].   Enter [Control H], then the text and a
[Return] for each separate line of a two-line header.

To  specify  a  footer,  press  [Control F], then type the text of the
footer  and  press  [Return].   Enter [Control F], then the text and a
[Return] for each separate line of a two-line footer.

Headers  appear two and four half-lines below the top of the page, and
footers  two  and  four  half-lines  above  the  bottom  of the page.
Therefore,  to  use  headers or footers, the top [Control T] or bottom
[Control  B]  margin  settings  must  be at least 8 to leave room.  By
default,  headers  and  footers  are aligned to the left margin of the
printed  page;  however,  you  can  also have them centered or blocked
right  (aligned  with  the  right margin) by following your headder or
footer  command with a center text command ([Control C]) or block text
right  command  ([Control C][Control C]) just before your text (and on
the same screen line).  If you want your headers or footers printed in
elongated  print,  enter  a  [Shift F9] before and after the header or
footer text.

If  you  want  headers  or  footers  on  every page of your text file,
beginning with the first page, enter the appropriate commands and text
at  the  beginning of your file on the screen line or lines just below
the formatting commands and values displayed on the first line.

If you want headers or footers to begin on a page other than the first
page,  or  if you want to change the text of a header or footer within
the file -- say, for a multisection document where you want headers or
footers  that  match  each  section  --  you can enter the appropriate
commands  and text within the file.  In this case, however, be sure to
enter  the commands and text (preceded if you like by elongated print,
center  text,  block text right, or new left and right margin settings
commands) as the only material on a screen line.

No  header  or footer text line should exceed the overall page margins
that you've set (and remember that elongated print is twice as wide as
normal).   Any  header  or  footer text that exceeds your page margins
will be dropped when ST Writer formats and prints your file.

To  discontinue  printing  headers  in  your  file,  type  [Control H]
[Control  H]  [Return].   Use  two  [Control  F]'s   for discontinuing
footers.

To  number  your  printed pages, type the @ symbol ([Shift 2]) at that
point  in  your  header  or footer text where you want page numbers to
appear.   ST  Writer  displays  a @ symbol to show you where your page
numbers  will be printed.  If you want page numbers only, just enter @
as your entire header or footer text.

By  default, ST Writer numbers the page where a page numbering command
is  entered  as  1,  and  subsequent  pages  in  order.   To specify a
different  starting  page  number  --  a  useful  option  when  you're
combining separate text files into a larger document -- press [Control
Q]  after the [Return] that concludes your header or footer text, then
enter  the  starting page number you want.  ST Writer accepts starting
page  numbers of 1 through 999.  A negative number (e.g. -1) instructs
ST  Writer to alternate blocked RIGHT headers and footers with blocked
LEFT headers and footers.

To  add a blocked right header with a page number to each page of your
passage  from Alice in Wonderland, enter this at the beginning of your
text file:

[Control H][Control C][Control C]ST Writer Exercise - @ [Return]

You  may  specify a different print style [Control G][number][hyphen],
or  different  left  [Control  L][number] or right [Control R][number]
margins within your header or footer without affecting the print style
or  L  or  R margins within your main text body.  The header or footer
disregards  double  column  instructions, creating a line length up to
the entire width of the page.


Indexing and deleting text files

There  are two more selections on the ST Writer menu that can help you
manage your text files: Index of Files and Delete File.

Before   trying  these  options,  save  your  passage  from  Alice  in
Wonderland  --  it  will  make for a more interesting index and, along
with  your  letter about ST Writer, will give you a choice of files to
delete!

For  an  index  of  files on a diskette, insert the diskette into your
disk  drive.   If  your  system  has two drives, use either one.  Then
select  Index  Disk  Files  from  the  ST Writer menu.  ST Writer then
prompts  'P'  to printer, 'S' to screen: S -- press [Return] to accept
the  default  (screen print), or P to send the index to your printer.
Next  ST  Writer prompts you for a Path name: and prints the specifier
for  the  current  drive,  that is, the drive from which you loaded ST
Writer  (or  from which you last obtained a directory).  For instance,
if  you loaded ST Writer from drive A:, you're prompted Path name: A:.
You can change the drive specifier by pressing [Backspace] a few times
and entering the new specifier.  If you want a directory of a specific
folder  on  your disk, enter the drive specifier, then a reverse slash
(\),  then  the  name  of that folder.   Then press [Return], at which
time  ST  Writer displays a list of files and folders on the diskette.
Folders  and files created with ST Writer will be indicated as such in
the listing.  Also shown is the number of bytes occupied by each file;
any  file  that you've locked (using the GEM desktop) is noted with an
asterisk (see Diskette Management in the Reference Guide).

When  there  are  more  than 21 files on a diskette, ST Writer scrolls
your directory upward on your screen to show you every entry.  To halt
this  scrolling,  press  any  key;  press any key again to restart the
scrolling.

For  a  printed directory, simply type P at the first prompt, and make
sure your printer is connected and turned on.

To  delete  a  file on diskette, you follow much the same procedure as
when  you  save  or  load a file to or from diskette.  First make sure
that  the  diskette  containing the file that you want to delete is in
your  disk  drive, then return to the ST Writer menu and select Delete
File.   When  ST  Writer prompts you to enter the File to be deleted:,
type  in  the drive specifier followed by a colon and the filename and
extender  of  the  file  you want to delete, and press [Return].  As a
precaution,  ST  Writer  prompts  Type  'Y' to delete file:.  When you
respond  by  typing  Y,  ST Writer erases the specified file from your
diskette.

Some further features of ST Writer

Like Alice, the Dodo, and the Mouse, you've probably now been "running
half-an-hour  or  so"  at least with ST Writer -- but don't stop yet!
Briefly  described,  here are a few additional features of ST Writer.
You  can  find  complete  instructions  for  using  each  one  in  the
Reference Guide.

Byte count at cursor position.  You can tell at a glance where you are
in   the  file  by  pressing  [Alternate  =].   Although  this  number
represents  all characters including formatting data and comments, you
can get an idea of how far you are in the document.

Chaining  print  files.  If you have a disk drive, this feature allows
you to chain text files together in any order to be printed as if they
were one file.

Duplicating  text.  This feature enables you to take a word, sentence,
or  more  from  one part of a text file and duplicate it wherever else
you want within the same file.

Format  disk.   You  can use this selection from the ST Writer menu to
prepare a blank diskette for storing your text files.

Form  printing.   Especially  handy for business or form letters, this
feature  lets  you  leave  blanks  in  a  text  file  -- for names and
addresses,  account  numbers,  and  the  like -- and fill them in with
specifics  each time ST Writer prints the file.  You can, if you like,
create  a  separate  DATA  file  containing the words or phrases, each
separated  by  a  carriage  return.   Just be sure that they match the
spaces left in your form, and are in the correct order.  The DATA file
must be printed to disk with top and bottom margins set to 0 (zero), L
set  to  1,  R set to 198, G set to 2 and Y set to twice the number of
lines in the file (maximum Y is 224).  Alternatively, you can also use
mailing  addresses  created and sorted by DB Master One.  Simply print
the  sorted  addresses  to  a disk file.  The computer will prompt you
asking  for  the  file  name  of  your  DATA file if you indicate that
STWRITER is to use a disk file as the data source.  If you do not wish
to  use  a  data  file as a source of your insert data, you may simply
type in each specific as you are prompted to by the computer.

Merging  text  files.   This  feature allows you to merge an ST Writer
text  file on disk together with the file currently in your computer's
memory.   Files  not  saved in ST Writer format should be first loaded
separately, saved, then merged with the desired file.

Page  eject.  Basically a formatting command, this feature enables you
to halt printing on a given page and space to the top of the next page
before resuming printing.  It can be useful when you're formatting and
printing  a multisection document where you want each section to begin
on  a fresh page.  By typing a number greater than zero after [Control
E]  you  can  specify  a  conditional  page  eject,  with  the  number
representing  the number of lines to appear on the same page.  If they
will not fit, they will appear in a block on the following page.  This
feature  is useful for printing tables and material with fixed numbers
of lines.  To work with paragraphs and formatable blocks of print with
variable  numbers  of  lines, one would first need to print the entire
document  and count by hand the number of lines in the paragraph which
are not be broken at a page break.

Page  wait.   Also  a  formatting  command, this feature allows you to
print  your  text  files on individual sheets of paper -- a convenient
option  when you want to do your printing on bond, letterhead, or your
personal  stationery.   If this command is active when printing to the
screen, scrolling will halt when the screen is full.  Pressing any key
except [Esc] continues scrolling.  [Esc] cancels printing.

Printer  controls.  You can send special decimal-code commands to your
printer  by  entering  them  directly  in  your text files -- a useful
option  if  you have a printer that ST Writer does not support, and do
not have a printer driver.

Section  headings.   Use this feature to number section and subsection
headings in the body of a text file.

Special  characters.   You  can  access  the special characters in the
international  character  set  by  typing [Alternate X].  A letter [A]
appears  near  the  bottom  right  of  the screen indicating alternate
character  mode.   Use  the  table  in  STWCODES.DOC  to find what key
combinations  to  use  to  print  the  character  you  want.   Foreign
characters  can  be  obtained directly without using the [Alternate X]
function by using the deadkey function.  Type [Control][Clr Home], and
a  "D"  appears in the status line near the bottom of the screen.  You
can  get  foreign characters by using the following combination of key
strokes:

    First type   ",',~,`,^,_,-, or /,

    then  the  vowel  or  letter  that the mark is used in combination
with.

For  example,  to  get a small umalut u, type ["] first, then [u].  If
you  merely  want  a  quote mark ["], you must either exit the deadkey
mode  by  typing  [Control][Clr Home], or by typing quote ["] twice in
succession while still in deadkey mode.

In addition, you can also include characters with ASCII values between
0  and  31  in  your  text  file.   Note,  however, that most of these
characters  are  unprintable, and may do strange things if you attempt
to  print  them  on  the  printer.   Nevertheless, you can get them by
typing  [Control  X]  before and after the character.  For example, to
get a [Control J] (ASCII 10) to be in the text, type:

                  [Control X][Control J][Control X]

These characters will not be counted as taking up space on a line like
normal characters.  The [Control X] is needed to tell the formatter in
ST  Writer  Elite  that  these are NOT formatting characters, but ones
which  need  to  be sent to the output device.  All control characters
can be printed by using [Control] plus a letter key with the following
exceptions:


To get:        Use:

ASCII 0 (null) [ Return ]
[ Control A ]  [ Control U ]
[ Control U ]  [ Shift F5 ]
[ Control X ]  \[ Control X ]
[ Control Z ]  [ Control : ]
[ Escape ]     [ Control [ ] or [ Control ; ]
ASCII $1C      [ Control < ] or [ Control \ ]
ASCII $1D      [ Control = ] or [ Control ] ]
ASCII $1E      [ Control > ] or [ Control ^ ]
ASCII $1F      [ Control ? ] or [ Control _ ]

Subscripts  and  superscripts.   Especially useful when you're writing
about  mathematical or chemical formulas or including footnote numbers
in  your  text,  subscripts and superscripts can easily be included in
your printed text files.

Tabs.   With  ST  Writer  you can set and use Tab stops much as you do
with  a  conventional  typewriter.  Tab stops can be especially useful
when you're setting up columns or tables in a text file.

GEM  mode.   By  popular  request,  features of Digital Research's GEM
(Graphics  Environment  Manager)  have  been added to ST Writer.  This
allows use of drop down menu items, Dialog Boxes, File Selector Boxes,
and  use  of  the mouse.  The GEM mode is activated by pressing one of
the  mouse  buttons.  An "Alert" box appears allowing you to select or
reject  GEM  mode.   If you are happy with ST Writer as it already is,
click  on "CANCEL".  Clicking on "OK" will produce a blank screen with
the  familiar  GEM  menu  bar  at  the  top.   You  can make your menu
selections  from  here  using  the  mouse.  In GEM mode, keyboard menu
commands will no longer work.


































          S T   W R I T E R   R E F E R E N C E   G U I D E

ALTERNATE  RIGHT  AND  LEFT  BLOCK HEADERS/FOOTERS.  To have ST Writer
take  headers  and  footers  set  for right blocking, and on alternate
pages  block  them  left,  use a negative number after the [Control Q]
(page  number  start) command.  This is useful for pages which will go
"back to back" as in a textbook or newsletter.

ALTERNATE CHARACTERS.  Use the Alternate key in combination with the X
key to toggle the alternate characters set.  A capital 'A' will appear
near  the  bottom  right  of the screen indicating alternate character
mode.   Pressing  [Alternate  X]  again returns to normal characters.
Since  the keys are not marked for alternate characters, you can often
find  the proper key to use by subtracting 128 from the ASCII value of
the   alternate   character   you   wish  to  type,  and  finding  the
corresponding  key  on  the  keyboard.  For example, to print the 'pi'
symbol,  press  [Alternate  X],  then type a lower case 'c'.  For some
characters, it will be necessary for you to refer to the ST Writer Key
Code  Table.  Note:  If you have pressed the [CapsLock] key, a capital
'C'  will  indicate this at the bottom right of your screen.  Also see
SPECIAL CHARACTERS.

BLOCK  TEXT RIGHT.  To block right, or print a line of text flush with
the  right  margin  of  the  printed  page, press [Control C] twice in
succession  before  typing  the  line,  and [Return] at the end of the
line.  When editing, insert [Control C] twice at the beginning of each
line  to  be  blocked right, and be sure that each such line ends with
[Return].   Always  be  sure, also, that no line of text to be blocked
right exceeds your overall page margins.

CAPITALIZATION.  See Upper and lowercase characters.

CENTER  TEXT.   To  center  a  line  of text, press [Control C] before
typing  the  line, and [Return] at the end of the line.  When editing,
insert a [Control C] at the beginning of each line to be centered, and
be sure that each such line ends with [Return].  Always be sure, also,
that  no  line  of  text  to  be  centered  exceeds  your overall page
margins.

CHAINING  PRINT  FILES.   You can use this feature to tie together any
number  of files, in any order that you wish, to be printed as if they
were  one  file.   This  is especially useful when you want to print a
long   document  that  you've  written  and  saved  in  segments  with
distinctive filenames or extenders.

Here's  how  to  chain  two files named REPORT.001 and REPORT.002, for
example.   While writing or editing REPORT.001, position the cursor at
the  end  of  the  file  and  press [Control V].  Then type REPORT.002
(include  the  drive specifier, if necessary, before the filename) and
press  [Return].  It does not matter whether you enter the filename or
specifier in upper or lower case.  While printing these chained files,
ST Writer would display the message CHAINING REPORT.002 as it finished
with  REPORT.001  and proceeded to find and format REPORT.002 prior to
printing it.  After printing, the first file is reloaded from disk.

Each  file  in  a  chain will be formatted according to the formatting
commands  and  values  within  it.   So if you want consistent overall
formatting throughout a chain of files, be sure that the values in the
Print Formatting Block are the same in every file.  A header or footer
entered  in  the  first  file  in  a  chain  will  be  carried through
subsequent  files  --  unless,  of course, you modify it -- and a page
numbering   command   entered   in   the  first  file  will  give  you
consecutively numbered pages throughout the chain.

Note:  You  cannot  load  a  file,  edit  it,  then print it out while
chaining  to  another  file  --  if  you try, the message Cannot chain
appears  after the first file is printed.  In order to chain properly,
save  the first file before printing it out.  This is because when you
load  a file and then edit it, ST Writer will not let you load another
file without verifying that you want to erase the existing text.

COMMENT.   Use [Control K] before and a comment in your text which you
do  not  wish  to  have  printed  out.   Terminate  the comment with a
[Return].   Since [Control K] also is used to cancel a search command,
you  may still search for a [Control K] character in your text.  Use a
[Control +] combination of key strokes for this.

CONDENSED PRINT. See Print styles (fonts).

CREATE  FILE.   Select this from the ST Writer menu to begin writing a
new  text  file.   While in the Create File mode, you can write, edit,
rewrite,  and  enter  or  change  formatting  commands.  Each time you
select  Create  File,  ST  Writer  refreshes  the  default  values for
formatting  in  the  Print Formatting Block at the top of your monitor
screen.

DEADKEY   FUNCTION.    This  function  is  toggled  on  and  off  with
[Control][Clr  Home].   If the character you wish to use has an accent
mark,  for example, type the ['] character followed by the appropriate
vowel.

DEFAULT VALUES.  Each time you select Create File, ST Writer refreshes
the default values for formatting in the Print Formatting Block at the
top  of  your  monitor screen.  ST Writer will format your entire file
according  to  these  values unless you change them, or modify them by
entering  the  appropriate  formatting  commands and values within the
body of the file.  Here are the default values:

B12 Bottom margin, 12 half-lines (1 inch)

D4 Paragraph spacing, 4 blank half-lines (double spacing)

G0 Print style, 10 characters per inch

I5 Paragraph indentation, 5 spaces from left margin

J0 Justified right margins OFF

L10 Left margin, 10 spaces from left edge of page

R70 Right margin, 70 spaces from left edge of page

S2 Line spacing, 2 half-lines (single spacing)

T12 Top margin, 12 half-lines (1 inch)

Y132 Page length, 132 half-lines (11 inches)

ST  Writer also defaults to a starting page number of 1 when you enter
a page numbering or print file command -- unless of course you enter a
different starting page number.

DELETE  FILE.  To delete a file from diskette, select Delete File from
the  ST  Writer  menu  by pressing D.  Then enter the Path name of the
file  (see  Path  name) to delete.  As a precaution, ST Writer prompts
Type 'Y' to delete file:; Type Y to erase the file.  You cannot delete
a locked file from the disk -- if you try, ST Writer will give you the
message Unable to delete file.

DELETE  TEXT.   See your Quick Reference Guide for the keystrokes used
to  delete  text.   You can delete: a character, line, or portion of a
line at a time; all text from the position of the cursor to the end of
your text file; a defined block of text, or the entire document.

In  case  you change your mind about a deletion or delete something by
accident,  you  can  press  the [Undo] key to restore the last line or
block of text (up to about 40,000 characters) that you've deleted; the
restored  material  is  inserted at the position of the cursor.  Note:
exceptions  to  this are deleted single characters, blocks larger than
40,000  characters  (warning  message  appears),  and  deletion of the
entire text ([Clr Home]).

DISKETTE MANAGEMENT.  In order to load the ST Writer program into your
Computer,  if  you  don't have TOS in ROM, you must first load the TOS
operating  system  from  your  ATARI TOS System Disk.  Consult your ST
Computer Owner's Manual for further instructions.

Before  you  can  store  your ST Writer text files on a data disk, the
disk must be formatted -- that is, organized into sectors so that your
disk  drive  can keep track of where information is stored on it.  You
can  format blank diskettes from the GEM desktop (see Owner's Manual).
Or  use  the Format Disk selection from the ST Writer menu to format a
blank disk while in the middle of a work session with ST Writer.

For  your own peace of mind, always make a backup copy of any disk you
store  ST  Writer  files  on -- just so you'll have a duplicate in the
event that something happens to your original.  Your ST Owner's Manual
also  contains  further  details  on  this  and  other disk management
functions.

DOUBLE-COLUMN  PRINTING.  You can format a text file for double-column
printing on any printer.  To do so, you must enter formatting commands
and  values of the second (right-hand) column.  You can do this either
at  the  beginning  of  your file -- to print the whole file in double
columns  --  or at that point in the file where you want double-column
printing to begin.

To  set the left margin for the second column, press [Control M], then
type  the  number of the setting you want.  Then press [Control N] and
type  the  number  of the setting you want for the right margin of the
column.   You may also have to adjust your settings for L and R, which
control  the  margins  for  the  first  (left-hand) column of print in
double-column  printing.   Always be sure that your first-column right
margin  and second-column left margin do not overlap, and that T and B
margins are set the same for both columns.

When  you  print  to  the  screen  a  file  that  you've formatted for
double-column printing, the two columns appear as they will print.

DUPLICATING  TEXT.   To duplicate a portion of text from one part of a
text  file  to  another part of the file, first position the cursor at
the  beginning  of  what  you want to duplicate and press [Shift F5].
Next, position the cursor at the end of what you want to duplicate and
press  [Shift  F5] again.  Finally, position the cursor where you want
the  text  to  be  duplicated  (the  cursor must be outside the marked
block),  and  press  [F2].   From this point until you perform another
deletion  or  duplication,  the  marked  block  of  text  is held in a
failsafe  buffer,  and can be inserted anywhere in the document simply
by positioning the cursor and pressing the [Undo] key.

You  may  duplicate a block of text as many times as you like.  If you
want to duplicate it more than once, however, be careful not to delete
anything  until you've completed your duplication procedures.  A block
of  text  that  you duplicate is stored in the failsafe text buffer of
your computer, where it will be replaced by the next deletion.

Also  keep  in  mind that the capacity of your failsafe text buffer is
about  40,000 characters of text.  So if you want to duplicate a block
of more than 13 pages or so, do it in segments.

EDIT  FILE.   Select this option from the ST Writer menu when you want
to revise or reformat a text file already in your computer's memory.

ELONGATED PRINT.  See Print styles (fonts).

ERROR MESSAGES.  When ST Writer finds a mistake in an entry or command
that  you've  given,  or detects a problem in your computer system, it
displays  the  appropriate  error message in the Message Window at the
bottom of your screen.  Press any key to continue.

FILENAMES.   Filenames  may  be  up  to  eight  characters  in length,
optionally  followed by a period and a three-character extender -- for
example, RFGUIDE.001.  You must give every file a filename in order to
save  it  on  a disk.  ST Writer uses the same conventions as your TOS
operating  system  for  allowable  characters in filenames -- letters,
numbers,  and  punctuation  are  permissible.   Lower case letters are
converted to upper case in the actual filename.

FONTS.  See Print styles.

FOOTERS.  See Headers, footers, and page numbering.

FORMAT  DISK.  In order to store your ST Writer text files, disks must
be formatted with TOS.  While it's always a good idea to keep an extra
formatted diskette on hand, (see Diskette management), you can use the
Format  Disk selection from the ST Writer menu to format a disk during
a work session with ST Writer.  Simply insert the diskette you want to
format  in  your  disk  drive  and select Format Disk from the menu by
pressing  F.  The Message Window shows All data will be erased, 'Y' to
format.  Type Y to continue with the format operation.  Type any other
letter  to return to the SELECT LETTER prompt.  After typing Y, type A
or  B  for  the  drive  containing  the disk you wish to format.  Next
you're  asked  Sides  to  format ( 1  or 2 ):2.  Note that the default
response  for  a  double-sided drive is already supplied, and you need
only  press  [Return] to begin such a format.  To format single-sided,
if  you  have  an  SF354  drive,  type  1  and press [Return] -- the 2
disappears  at the first keypress.  At the prompt Enter name for disk:
enter  in  a  disk  name  following  filename conventions (up to eight
characters  with  an optional three-character extender), or just press
[Return]  for  no  disk name.  The message Formatting disk appears and
the  disk  is  formatted.  If there are any problems (such as the disk
being  write-protected),  the message Unable to format disk. appears.
Press any key to return to the SELECT LETTER prompt.

FORMATTING  TEXT  FILES.   How  ST  Writer  formats your text files is
controlled  by  a  variety  of  formatting commands and values entered
either in the Print Formatting Block at the top of each file or within
the  body  of  the file.  Each time you select Create File from the ST
Writer menu, the program's default values for formatting are refreshed
in  the Print Formatting Block, but you can change them or add to them
as you wish.  You can edit formatting commands and values -- delete or
modify  them  -- just as you can text.  See your Quick Reference Guide
for a summary of all formatting commands used with ST Writer.

You can examine a formatted text file on your screen prior to printing
by using Print to Screen.

FORM PRINTING.  (Also called Database Merge.)  You can leave blanks in
a  text  file that you want to use as a form, and fill them in -- with
names  and  addresses,  account numbers, and the like -- each time you
print  the  file.   Wherever you want to leave a blank, press function
key  F9.   An  inverse  video ? appears at that point on your screen.
Press F9 at the desired location for each entry that you'll be filling
in.

When  ST Writer prints the file, it stops when it encounters each such
command  and  prompts  you  FORM  DATA  FROM  FILE  Y/N?   If you have
previously  created  a  data file, type Y.  The prompt DATA FILE NAME?
will  appear.   Type  in  the  data  file name and press [Return].  ST
Writer  will  read  the data file and insert the data in sequence into
your  text.   If  you do not have a data file, you will be prompted to
MAKE  ENTRY?.   Type  what  you  want to fill in the blank -- up to 55
characters  per  blank  -- and press [Return].  When you complete each
entry, ST Writer continues printing the file.

Alternately,  you  can  supply  information for each blank from a text
file  output by a database management program such as the mailing list
option  of DB Master One.  After sorting the desired addresses with DB
Master   One,  "print"  them  to  disk.   See  the  instructions  from
compatible database managers for further instructions.

If  you're  using  the  hand-entry  method  and  have left a number of
blanks, it's a good idea to jot down a list of them, because you won't
be  able  to  see the file on your screen when you're prompted to make
your entries during printing.

FREE  MEMORY.   When first creating a file in ST Writer, you start off
with  approximately  200,000  bytes, or characters, of memory (more or
less depending on system) available for your text -- room for over 130
double-spaced  pages.   This  number is reduced if you have any of the
accessories  such  as the Control Panel installed in your desktop.  To
remove  desktop  accessories, use the GEM desktop to change resolution
with  a  non-system  disk  in  the  default  drive,  or  if you have a
monochrome   monitor  (cannot  change  resolution),  rename  the  desk
accessories  on  your  system  disk  and reboot the system.  ST Writer
constantly  displays  the available memory, expressed in bytes, in the
Message  Window at the bottom of your screen.  One byte equals roughly
one  typed  character, and you can figure on about 1500 bytes for each
standard double-spaced page.

In  any case, it's a good idea to leave yourself with a margin of free
memory  with  every file you write, just so you'll have some memory to
work  with if you want to edit (or add to) a file later on.  When your
computer's memory will accept only about one more screen full of text,
ST  Writer alerts you by displaying a "memory low" message.  When this
happens,  save  the file and start a new file to continue the document
you're working on.

GEM MODE.  To get the features of GEM, click one of the mouse buttons.
An  alert  box  will  appear  to  allow  you to select GEM or CANCEL.
Besides  allowing  you  to  use  the  mouse in Menus, Dialog and Alert
Boxes,  on  the EDIT screen you can place the alpha cursor anywhere in
the  text  on  the  screen  instantly.  You can also exit edit mode by
clicking  on  Esc  in  the  last  line of the command box, and you can
scroll  up or down a page by clicking on the up and down arrows on the
same  line.   You  can exit GEM mode from the main menu by clicking on
"Mouse"  in  the  Options  menu.   NOTE:  Sometimes when you press the
[Esc]  key,  you  will  seem  to  be "stuck" on the Edit screen.  This
occurs  when  the  mouse  is on the top line, regardless if you are in
GEM  mode  or  not,  or  whether  the  mouse  is  visible  or  not.  A
peculiarity  of  GEM  makes  it  necessary  for  you to move the mouse
downward to exit the Edit screen if this should occur.

GLOBAL  FORMAT.   In GEM mode only, Global Format allows you to set up
the Format line at the top of a file you are about to Create.  It does
not work on files already created in memory.

HEADERS,  FOOTERS,  and PAGE NUMBERING.  For headers or footers of one
or  two  lines  on  every  page  of  your printed text file, enter the
appropriate  commands  and  text  at the beginning of the file, on the
screen  line  or  lines  just below the formatting commands and values
displayed  on  the  first line.  To begin headers or footers elsewhere
than  on  the  first  page,  or  to change the text of your headers or
footers,  you can also enter the required commands and text within the
file.   In  this case, however, each header or footer command and line
of  text (preceded, if you like, by elongated print and center text or
block  text  right  commands)  must  be the only material entered on a
screenline.   In either case, be sure that no line of header or footer
text exceeds your overall page width margins.

To  specify  a  header,  press  [Control H], then type the text of the
header  and  press  [Return].  For a two-line header, enter a [Control
H], then the text and a [Return] for each separate line.

To  specify  a  footer,  press  [Control F], then type the text of the
footer  and  press  [Return].  For a two-line footer, enter a [Control
F], then the text and a [Return] for each separate line.

To  discontinue  a  header  or a footer, type two [Control H]'s or two
[Control F]'s followed by a [Return].

For  consecutively  numbered printed pages, type @ ([Shift 2]) at that
point  in  your  header  or footer text where you want page numbers to
appear (for page numbers only, use the @ symbol as the entire text  of
your  header  or  footer).   ST  Writer will number the page where you
enter your page numbering command as 1, and subsequent pages in order,
unless  you  specify  a  different  starting page number.  To do this,
press  [Control  Q]  after  the [Return] that concludes your header or
footer  text,  then type in the number of the starting page number you
want (from 1 through 999).  A negative value following the [Control Q]
indicates  that  you  want  your  left  and  right blocked headers and
footers to each block to the opposite margin on alternate pages.

Headers  or  footers  appear  one  full line below or above the top or
bottom  of  your printed pages.  By default, ST Writer prints headers,
footers,  and page numbers in the print style you've formatted for the
entire  text file, and aligns them to the left margin.  If you want to
change  the  print  style  or left or right margins, or want elongated
print,  centered  or  flush right, enter the appropriate commands just
after  your header or footer commands.  The main text body will not be
affected by these formatting commands in your header or footer.

INDEX  OF  FILES.   For  a  directory  of  files on a disk or within a
folder,  press  I  from  the  ST  Writer  menu.   At the prompt 'P' to
printer,  'S'  to  screen:  S,  press  [Return]  to accept the default
(screen  print),  or  P for a printed index (make sure your printer is
ready).   Next  ST Writer asks for the Path name: -- see Path name for
details.   When  you  enter  the  Path  name, ST Writer reads the disk
directory  and  prints it on the indicated device.  Also shown are the
number  of bytes contained in each file.  Files generated by ST Writer
and folders are indicated as such, and locked files are marked with an
asterisk  (see  Locking  files).   If  you have more than 21 files and
folders  on  your disk, ST Writer scrolls the directory listing upward
on your screen to show every entry.  To momentarily pause the listing,
press any key; press it again to restart the scrolling.  At the end of
the   directory  listing,  ST  Writer  again  presents  you  with  the
printer/screen  prompt,  in case you wish to index a different disk or
folder.    To   return   to  the  menu,  press  [Esc].   There  is  no
corresponding  selection for Index in GEM mode, as File Selector Boxes
contain filenames.  Unfortunately, information on file size or whether
or not they are ST Writer files is not available in GEM mode.

INSERTING  TEXT.  To insert text, simply position the cursor where you
want  and begin typing.  ST Writer pushes the text to the right of and
below  your  insertion as far as necessary to accomodate the new text.
Use the same procedure to enter formatting commands within a text file
that  you've  already  written.   Pressing  the  [Insert]  key toggles
between  insertion  and type-over mode.  A capital 'I' near the bottom
right  of the screen indicates insert mode, and an inverse capital 'T'
indicates type-over mode.

INSTALL  PRINTER.  The Install Printer accessory from the Desk menu on
the  GEM  desktop  allows  you  to choose the type printer you will be
using  (dot  matrix  or  daisywheel,  black  and  white  or color, dot
configuration),  paper  use  (single  sheet  or  continuous feed), and
quality  of  print  (draft or final).  If the codes for draft or final
have  been  placed  in  your printer configuration file, you can selec
single-  (draft)  or  double-  (final)  strike printing.  You may also
change  ports  so  that  your  text gets printed via the modem (RS232)
serial port, rather than to the parallel printer port.

JUSTIFIED  RIGHT  MARGINS.   The  justified right margin command works
like  a  simple On/Off switch.  The default value of 0, displayed next
to  the  inverse  video  J  in  the  Print Formatting Block, gives you
nonjustified  (ragged)  right  margins.   For justified right margins,
change this value to 1.  You can change from one to the other within a
text file by entering [Control J] and the appropriate value.

LINE  SPACING.   ST  Writer  measures line spacing in half-lines.  The
default value for line spacing is single spacing, represented by the 2
next to the inverse video S in the Print Formatting Block.  For double
spacing,  change  this  value  to  4.   To  vary line spacing within a
document, press [Control S] and type in the appropriate value wherever
you  want  the  spacing  to  change.   The  new  value must be an even
number.

When  you  use [Return]s to create blank lines in a text file, keep in
mind  that  ST  Writer inserts blank lines according to the value of S
for each such [Return].

LOAD  FILE.   To  load a text file from a disk drive, select Load File
from  the  ST  Writer  menu  by pressing L.  At the Load file: prompt,
enter the Path name (see Path name) for the file you wish to load.  If
you've  previously  loaded  or  created a text file during the current
session,  ST  Writer  first  asks,  Erase  file  in memory, Y/N ?.  An
exception  to this happens if you've previously saved the file and did
not  edit it after the last save -- the new file is simply loaded when
you  enter  its  name.   If you press Y, the file in memory is erased,
whether or not you proceed with the load.

In  GEM mode, you are supplied with a File Selector Box from which you
click on the file you want loaded.  See PATH NAME for details.

If while loading a file ST Writer finds that your computer's memory is
full,  Buffer is full, file not loaded appears in your Message Window.
That  part  of  the file that's been loaded is erased from memory.  If
you  load  in  a  non-ST Writer file, the file must be converted to ST
Writer  format, and this takes some time.  Essentially, all line-feeds
are  discarded,  and  all carriage returns replaced with nulls.  Also,
all tabs are replaced with 5 blank spaces.  You can toggle off the tab
conversion  when  prompted  by  answering 'N' (No) to the query Change
Tabs  to Spaces?  In this case, your file may be punctuated with a lot
of  [Control  I] characters, which represents the tab character.  This
would usually be done only by experienced computer users.

LOCKING  FILES.   To  lock  a text file that you've saved to disk, you
must  return  to  the  GEM  desktop (see Quit).  Open a window for the
drive  that  contains  the  file  to be locked, and select the file by
pointing  to its icon (or filename) and clicking the left mouse button
once  so  the  icon is highlighted.  Then point at the File heading on
the Menu Bar, and select the Show Info option.

This is the same Dialog Box you would use to rename the file.  To lock
the file, select Read-Only, then OK.

If you load a locked text file, revise it with ST Writer, and then try
to  save  it  again  under  the same filename, ST Writer asks, ALREADY
EXISTS,  'Y'  to replace it.  If you type Y (no [Return] necessary) ST
Writer gives you the message ERROR trying to open the file.  Press any
key  to  return  to  the  Save file: prompt and enter a different name
under which to save the file.

MARGINS.   ST Writer measures a page from top to bottom in half-lines,
and  from  left  to right in character spaces.  The default values for
page  margins  are  represented  in  the  Print  Formatting  Block  as
follows:

T12  B12     L10    R70
Top  Bottom   Left   Right

To change any of these margins for the entire text file, simply delete
the  value  shown  and  type in your own.  You can also change margins
within  a  file; just press [Control] and the appropriate letter, then
type in the value you want.  Values for the top and bottom margin must
be even numbers.

You may have to experiment a bit, adjusting the paper in your printer,
to  get  the  correct  top  margins  on  your printed pages.  With the
default value of 12 for T, your top margins should be one inch.

For a continuous printout of a file, without page breaks, set your top
and  bottom  margins  at  0 and delete any headers or footers from the
file.

MERGING  TEXT.   You  can merge a saved ST Writer file, or other ASCII
file  from disk with the file currently in your computer's memory with
this  command.   Keep in mind, though, that when merging files you run
the risk of overflowing your computer's free memory.

To  merge  two  files,  first  position  the cursor where you want the
merged text to appear in the file currently in your computer's memory.
Then  press  function key [F8].  ST Writer then prompts Load file:, at
which  you  should  enter  a  Path name for the file to be merged (see
Path name).

If  while  merging  one  file  with  another ST Writer finds that your
computer's  free  memory  is  full,  a  warning message appears in the
Message  Window,  the  merge  is halted and that portion of the merged
file that has loaded is erased.

MOVING  TEXT.   To move a block of text from one place to another in a
text  file,  position  the  cursor at the beginning of the passage you
want to move and press [Shift F5].  Then move the cursor to the end of
the  passage and press [Shift F5] again.  Next, move the cursor to the
point where you want to reposition the passage, and press [Shift F2].

Remember  that  you  can  move  only  about  40,000 bytes of text (the
capacity  of  your  failsafe buffer) at a time.  If you want to move a
larger block of text, do it in segments.

PAGE EJECT.  Use this command when you want ST Writer to halt printing
at  a given point in a text file and space to the top of the next page
before  printing is resumed -- for example, in a multisection document
where  you  want each section to begin on a fresh page.  To enter this
command, position the cursor where you want a page eject to take place
and  press  [Control  E].   A number following [Control E] specifies a
conditional  page  eject.  The number is the number of lines to appear
in  a block, and should not exceed the number of lines between the top
and bottom margins.  If the block will not fit on the current page, it
will appear on the following page.

PAGE LENGTH.  When formatting and printing a text file, ST Writer uses
this  formatting  command -- represented by the inverse video Y in the
Print  Formatting  Block  --  to determine where the next printed page
should  begin.   Keep your page length set at the default value of 132
(half-lines) for 8 1/2 by 11-inch paper.  For a continuous printout of
a  text file without page breaks, set your top and bottom margins at 0
and  delete  any  headers  or  footers from the file.  Values for page
length must be even numbers, and 224 is the maximum value of Y that ST
Writer allows.

PAGE NUMBERING.  See Headers, footers, and page numbering.

PAGE  WAIT.   Use  this  command when you want to print a text file on
separate  sheets of paper -- for example, on bond, letterhead, or your
personal  stationery.  Enter [Control W] in the Print Formatting Block
at the top of your file for a page wait on every page of the file.  ST
Writer  will stop printing at the bottom of each page; after inserting
a  fresh  sheet  of  paper  in  your  printer,  press any key to start
printing the next page.  You may also invoke this command by using the
Install   Printer   desk  accessory,  and  using  the  "single"  sheet
selection.  When printing to the screen, [Control W] causes the screen
scrolling  to  halt  when the screen is full.  Hit any key to continue
scrolling, or [Esc] to exit.

PARAGRAPHS.   Mark  the  beginning  of  every  paragraph  by  pressing
[Control  P]  --  ST Writer displays an inverse video letter P at that
point  on your screen.  Press [Return] at the end of each paragraph --
ST Writer displays an inverse video 'less than' symbol at that point.

Two  formatting  commands  control  how  your  paragraphs  appear when
formatted  and  printed by ST Writer.  The default value for paragraph
spacing, displayed next to the inverse video D in the Print Formatting
Block,  is  4 blank half-lines, or double spacing, between paragraphs.
To  change  this  value,  just  delete the 4 and type in the value you
want.   The default value for paragraph indentation, displayed next to
the  inverse  video I in the Print Formatting Block, is 5 spaces (from
the  left page margin).  For a different paragraph indentation, delete
the 5 and substitute the value you want.

To  vary  paragraph  spacing  within a new file, press [Control D] and
type  a  new  value  where  you want the spacing to change, then press
[Return].   To  change  paragraph  indentation,  press [Control I] and
enter a new value.  For bibliographies, ST Writer also allows negative
indentation (outdenting or undenting).  Type [Control I] followed by a
negative  value  (eg.,  [-5]).  Each time a [Control P] is encountered
thereafter,  the  first  line  of the paragraph will be alligned flush
with the left margin, and succeeding lines will be indented.

PATH  NAME.   Path names are used to indicate files held in folders on
your  disk.   See  your  ATARI  ST Owner's Manual for a description of
folders  and  how to use them.  Path names can be entered at any of ST
Writer's  prompts for filenames or Path names.  A path name is similar
to  a  filename,  but  may  also optionally indicate a folder name (or
folder  names)  in  order  to tell ST Writer what path to take through
your  various  directories  and subdirectories in order to access your
file.

Say,  for  example,  that you would like to use a folder named TEXT to
hold  your  ST  Writer  files.   To  create  the  folder,  follow  the
instructions  for  Creating  Folders in your ATARI ST Owner's Manual.
Then,  after invoking ST Writer and creating your file, press [Esc] to
return  to  the main menu and select Save File by pressing the S key.
At  the prompt, first enter the drive identifier (A:, B:, or C:), then
type  a reverse slash (the key to the right of the [Return] key), then
the  folder name (TEXT), then another reverse slash, then the filename
under  which  you  wish  to  save the file (e.g. B:\TEXT\MYFILE.TXT).
Thus,  a  path name is simply a filename with one or more folder names
inserted,  offset  by  reverse  slash  marks.   To  obtain a directory
listing  of the folder TEXT, select Index of Files from the main menu,
select  Screen  or  Printer,  then  at the prompt for Path name:, type
B:\TEXT and [Return].

Since  folders  can  contain folders, you can use more than one folder
name in a path name.  For instance, if the disk in drive B: contains a
folder  named  LETTERS  in  the folder named TEXT, a path name to file
MYFILE would resemble this: B:\TEXT\LETTERS\MYFILE.

In  GEM  mode,  file  selection  is done slightly differently.  A File
Selector Box appears with the current "path" on the top line.  You may
change  the  path  by  placing  the cursor on the line by pointing and
clicking  the  mouse,  then  either  back-spacing over it, or pressing
[Esc].

You  can  then  type  in the above path name ( B:\TEXT\LETTERS\*.* ).
Move  the  mouse inside the File Selector Box and click.  All files in
the  LETTERS  folder will be listed.  This is because you used a "wild
card"  specifier  [*].  If you only wanted files ending with .TXT, you
would have typed:

                     B:\TEXT\LETTERS\*.TXT [TAB]

(Note:  File Selector Boxes use the [TAB] key in place of the [RETURN]
key.)   You may then click on the file wanted followed by clicking the
OK  box,  or  double  click on the selected file, and it will load, be
saved, or delete, depending which function you had selected.

PRINTER  CONTROLS.   If  you  do not have an Epson or Epson-compatible
printer  (including  the ATARI SMM804), you can still format and print
your  ST  Writer  text  files by entering the desired printer controls
directly in your files.

Wherever you want to enter a printer control, first press [Control O],
then type in the decimal equivalent of the appropriate code understood
by  your  printer.   For  instance,  to  send  a decimal code 15, type
[Control  O]15.  Be sure to type a space after the number -- ST Writer
uses  this space as a delimiter.  You should be able to find a listing
of  codes used by your printer in the manual that came with it.  Note:
when  you  enter  a  printer  control code with [Control O] on a page,
that entire page will be formatted by the code you enter.

PRINT  FILE.   You  can  print  your  text  to  the  screen (see Print
preview),  to  a  disk  file,  to  a  serial printer or modem, or to a
parallel  printer.  (Note: To print to a printer or modem connected to
your  computer's  RS232  serial  port,  first  use the Install Printer
option  from  the  GEM  desktop  Desk  menu to set the Printer Port to
Modem,  --  see your ST Owner's Manual -- then print to the printer as
usual.)  To print a file, load it in memory if not already present, go
to  the  ST  Writer  menu,  and  press  P.   ST  Writer prompts, Enter
Printer,  Disk,  Screen,  spooLer?  --  press  the highlighted capital
letter  of  the  desired  output  device.  For further instructions on
printing to the screen, see Print preview.

The  message  Searching for printer config file on disk appears in the
Message  Window as soon as ST Writer has loaded into the computer, and
the  disk  drive  spins  momentarily.  When this happens, ST Writer is
looking  for  the file XYZZX.DAT on your default drive; the drive from
which  you  loaded  the ST Writer program.  For further information on
this file, see Printer Configuration File.  Whether or not the printer
configuration file is found, ST Writer still can print your file.

From  the  ST  Writer menu, to print your file to a printer, press P.
Note:  If your printer supports proportional print and you wish to use
this,  you  must  first  return to the GEM desktop and use the Install
Printer  option  from  the Desk menu to set Printer Type to Daisy.  To
send  the formatted text to a disk file that you can later transmit to
another  computer or print out directly from the GEM desktop, press D.
ST  Writer  prompts  you  for a file name and then sends the formatted
text  to  that file.  The spooler option (press L) lets you print to a
disk file with all your printer control codes embedded along with your
text.  A properly formatted file for your printer can later be printed
directly to your type of printer from the GEM desktop.

The next prompt, Enter number of copies?, is followed by the number 1.
Press [Return] to accept the default value of one copy.  To print more
than one copy, type the new number of copies, then press [Return].

Next  ST  Writer  prompts  Print whole document Y/N?.  Type Y (or just
press  [Return])  to print the entire text, or type N to print a range
of  pages.   If you press N, ST Writer asks you for the beginning page
number  with  the  prompt  Enter first?.  Press [Return] to accept the
default  value,  page  1,  or  press  [Backspace]  once and type a new
beginning  page  number and [Return].  Then at the prompt Enter last?,
press [Return] to accept the default last page 999, or use [Backspace]
to  edit the entry.  Finally, you are asked if you want letter quality
print,  and a 'Y' appears if you have selected letter quality print in
the  printer  configuration desk accessory, or an 'N' if you did not.
You  may  change the 'Y' to 'N' or vice versa at this point, or simply
press  [Return] if the correct letter is present.  To temporarily halt
printing,  press  [Control  S], and to resume, press any key.  You can
stop  printing and return to the main menu at any time by pressing the
[Esc] key.

Hint:  Printing  your  file  to  a  disk  file  is a convenient way of
creating  documentation  on  disk for a program you've written.  Users
can show a file printed to disk on the screen or print it out from the
GEM  desktop  by  double-clicking  the  file's icon or filename.  Type
instructions for your program into ST Writer, then print the text to a
file  named  README.DOC,  then  write  "Show  (print)  README.DOC  for
instructions"  on your disk label.  Remember to adjust the left margin
to one.

In  GEM  mode,  there is one dialog box which allows you to select the
number of copies, the range of pages to print, and the device to print
to.

PRINT PREVIEW.  This feature of ST Writer lets you examine a formatted
text  file  on  your monitor screen prior to printing it.  You can use
Print preview at any time while creating or editing a file.

For  a  print preview, press [Esc] from the editor to return to the ST
Writer  menu,  then  select  Print File.  At the prompt Enter Printer,
Disk,  Screen  SpooLer?  press S for screen print.  For directions for
responding  to  the  next prompt, Print whole document Y/N?, see Print
File above.  Next, ST Writer prints your formatted file to the screen,
showing  each  page break with a dotted line across the screen width.
To  pause  this screen print, press [Control S], then press any key to
resume the listing.  Return to the ST Writer menu any time by pressing
[Esc].

PRINT  STYLES.  (fonts).   ST  Writer  offers  you a choice of sixteen
combinations  of  print  styles or fonts -- check the manual that came
with your printer to see which ones your printer is capable of.

The default print style of ST Writer, represented by the 0 next to the
inverse  video  G  in  the  Print  Formatting  Block  is  Pica,  or 10
characters  per  inch (CPI).  To format your entire file for condensed
print  (16.7 CPI), change this value to 2.   For bold print, change it
to  1,  and  to  print  in italics, change it to 4.  To print in Elite
style, type 8 after the inverse video G.

To  vary  the print style within a file, position the cursor where you
want  a  new  print style to begin, press [Control G], and type in the
value  desired.   You  can  add  the above values to use more than one
style at a time -- use this table:

CONTROL G         STYLE
  CODE
0                 Pica
1                 Bold
2                 Condensed
4                 Italics
8                 Elite

To  combine print styles, add the values for the required styles.  For
instance,  to print Bold Elite, type [Control G]9, then a hyphen, then
the text.  The hyphen will not appear in the text printout.  The print
styles  you select are not represented as such in Print preview except
for  elongated,  which  appears  as  letters  with  single  spaces  in
between.

The  GLOBAL  FORMAT  dialog  box  simplifies  this  task.   See GLOBAL
FORMAT.

PRINTER  CONFIGURATION  FILE.   ST Writer comes with a special printer
configuration  program  called CONFIG.TOS.  When run, CONFIG.TOS looks
on  disk  for  a  file  names  CONFIG.TXT  and  reads it into memory.
CONFIG.TXT  is nothing more than a saved ST Writer file containing all
necessary  printer  codes  for  the  user's individual printer.  After
reading CONFIG.TXT, CONFIG.TOS converts the text into special code and
saves  it  back  to  disk, creating a file named XYZZX.DAT.  ST Writer
searches  on  the  disk  it was booted from for XYZZX.DAT and uses its
codes to properly interface with the printer.

Once  you  create  an  XYZZX.DAT file for your particular printer, you
never  need  to go through it again.  Be sure to make a backup copy of
CONFIG.TXT.   The  only  two  files you need on any disk to operate ST
Writer are the STWRITER.PRG program itself and XYZZX.DAT.

To  modify the printer configuration file, pull up your printer manual
and  load  a backup copy of CONFIG.TXT into ST Writer and examine it.
Any  line of text beginning with an asterisk (*) is a comment for your
information only and is ignored by the CONFIG.TOS program.

For the moment, let's skip over the first section of the file and edit
a  fairly  simple  example.   Look  for  the  comment: *underline on.
Following  *underline  on  are a list of numbers: 27, 45, 1, 255, 255,
255,  etc.   Each  of  these  numbers  is  a  printer  code in decimal
representing  the  command  to  turn  on the underline.  The 255's are
fillers where there is no printer code number.

Look  in  your  printer  manual  for  the  proper codes to turn on the
underline.   If  your  printer  codes are listed in decimal--sometimes
shown as CHR$(27), CHR$(45), CHR$(1)--you're lucky.  Printer codes are
also  often  listed in hexadecimal or ASCII form.  Hex is indicated by
either  a  preceding  dollar  sign or by the presence of the letters A
through  F.   The underline on codes above would appear in hexadecimal
as:   $1B, 2D, $01.  In ASCII notation underline on would be: Esc., -,
SOH.  Whichever the case, if your printer codes are in hexadecimal you
wil  need  to convert them to decimal with a table, and if they are in
ASCII,  you  will  need  an  ASCII  chart.   Fortunately, many printer
manuals have conversion charts in their appendeces.

Go  down  the  line  of  CONFIG.TXT  codes  and replace any codes that
disagree  with  those  codes  in your printer manual.  If your printer
requires,  say,  four  codes  for  a function that prviously contained
three,  replace  one of the the 255's with the fourth code.  Likewise,
if  your printer is one code short, replace the old, extra code number
with  a  255.   It  is  very  important  that each function segment in
CONFIG.TXT  contains  eight  codes,  so  edit  carefully.   If you are
uncertain  about  a  particular  function,  leave it alone.  Change as
little as possible.  You can always re-edit and try again.

Go  back  and look at the top of CONFIG.TXT.  A short chart at the top
shows the necessary code numbers to use for certain parameters.  It is
set  up  for 80-column printers, but if you have at least 132 columns,
substitute  8712  for  5280.  This number is critical if you want more
than  160  columns (condensed elite on an 80-column printer).  You can
get  198  columns (condensed on a 132-column printer) if you don't try
printing  more  columns  than  your printer can handle.  The character
translation  table may appear confusing, but it merely lists the ASCII
equivalent  of all the characters in the character set, from 0 to 255.
Unlike  the  remainder of CONFIG.TXT, these numbers are in hexadecimal
(represented  in  this  case  by 0x), so if you are not sure what they
represent,  see  a table or the character set in your printer manual.
Beyond the standard range of alphanumeric ASCII characters is an extra
character  set.  The  ST sees these extra characters as one thing, but
your  individual  printer  sees  them  as another.  Many printers have
their  own  special character set.  The character translation table in
CONFIG.TXT is designed to make the two jibe as much as possible.

Currently,  the table is set up for Atari printers.  If you don't have
an  Atari  printer,  you won't have all the special characters, so you
can configure your printer driver to print the characters you do have,
even  if  they  have  a  different ASCII number.  For example, my Star
Micronics  NX-10  printer  has  the  paragraph  symbol located at 0x14
(decimal  20),  but on the ST, that symbol has the value 0xbc (decimal
188).   I  found  0xbc  in  the table and replaced it with 0x14.  Now,
every  time  I use the paragraph symbol in text to be printed, it will
print  as though I were using an Atari printer.  Don't bother changing
table  values  below  0x20 because ST Writer uses those for formatting
codes, and they will never be sent to your printer.

Once you have completed editing CONFIG.TXT, save it back to disk under
the  same name.  Return to the GEM Desktop and make sure you have both
CONFIG.TOS  and  the  newly  edited  CONFIG.TXT  on  the  same  disk.
Double-click  on  CONFIG.TOS.   In  as  short  while, it will create a
XYZZX.DAT  file  on  your  disk.   Place this file on the same disk as
STWRITER.PRG  and  you're  ready  to  go.  You might create a short ST
Writer  file  which  uses  all the printer commands you wish to test.
This  way  you can quickly try out the different functions and see how
successful your edit has been.

QUIT.   Use  this  command  to  exit  ST  Writer and return to the GEM
desktop.  From the main menu press Q.  If you have made any changes to
your  text  file  since  the last time you saved it, ST Writer prompts
Quit  without saving file in memory?.  Press Y or y to exit ST Writer,
or any other key to return to the main menu.

RECEIVE  ATARIWRITERTM.   Use this function to transfer a file from an
ATARI  400,  800,  XL  or  current  XE  Computer  using AtariWriter or
AtariWriter  Plus  to  your  ST.  You must have an ATARI 850 Interface
Module  (or  equivalent) connected to your 400, 800, XL or XE Computer
and  a  "null-modem  cable" (see below) in order to make this transfer
(300 baud).  You may also load in an 8-bit AtariWriter file from disk,
and ST Writer will convert the file.


A special cable called a "null modem cable" is required to connect the
two  computers.   You  probably  will not be able to find such a cable
ready-made  --  you  must  either make it yourself or have it made for
you.   Most  cities  have  stores  that will custom-make a cable for a
reasonable  fee.   To make the cable, obtain a female 25-pin connector
for the ST end, a female 9-pin connector for the 850 end, and a length
of  cable  with  at  least  five wires.  Connect these pins on the two
connectors:

  25-pin pin #  TO:  9-pin pin #
  ------------  ---  -----------

      2                 4
      3                 3
      4                 8
      7                 5
      8                 7

To transfer a file, first load AtariWriter or AtariWriter Plus and the
file  to be transferred into your ATARI 400, 800, XL or XE.  Make sure
that  you have downloaded the RS232 handler from the 850 -- follow the
instructions  with  your  DOS manual.  If using AtariWriter Plus, make
sure your 850 Interface is connected and turned on before you load the
program  disk.   Next,  on  your  ST,  run ST Writer.  Connect the two
computers  with  your  cable.   Next,  press  R  on the ST keyboard to
activate the Receive file from 850 command.  Then press S on the other
computer's  keyboard to Save File.  When prompted for DEVICE:FILENAME,
enter  R:  and press [Return].  The file is then transferred to the ST
Writer  text  buffer,  where you see it appear.  After the transfer is
finished,  it's  a  good idea to save the transferred file to disk for
safekeeping before editing it.

SAVE ASCII.  This is a MENU selection in GEM mode, but in non-GEM mode
when  you  type  'S'  to SAVE a file, you will be asked if you want to
"Save  in ASCII format?"  The default is 'N' (No), and merely pressing
the [Return] key negates an ASCII save.  However, selecting ASCII SAVE
allows  you  to  write  an  ASCII  file  to disk.  This is the same as
printing  to  disk, as every line gets a carriage return and line feed
appended  to  it.  The major exception is that the left margin will be
1,  and  the  right  can  be  set  up to 160 (for an 80 column printer
driver).   All  blank  spaces  at  the  end  of a line or page will be
discarded.   If  you  MUST  have  blanks at the end of a line, use the
Elongated  text  control [Shift F9] followed by exactly 1/2 the number
of  blank  spaces  needed,  and  then  a terminating [Shift F9].  This
tricks the formatter into writing blank spaces at the end of a line or
page.   SAVE ASCII files will not re-load into ST Writer Elite without
conversion  to  ST  Writer format, but can be easily loaded into other
word  processors  or  text editors.  It is a good idea to use a ".DOC"
extender on ASCII filenames so as not to confuse them with files saved
in ST Writer format.

SAVE  BLOCK.   After  marking the beginning and end of a block of text
with  [Shift  F5], you can save the marked block to a disk file.  Mark
the  block,  then  press [Shift F8].  ST Writer prompts for a filename
with:  Save  block  as:.   Enter  a  filename or Path name, then press
[Return]  to  save  the  block  on disk.  You can merge this text with
another file with the F8 key (see Merging text.)  Hint: an easy way to
delete  the block markers after saving the block (40,000 bytes or less
only)  is  to  press  [F5] to delete the block, then [Undo] to restore
it.

SAVE  FILE.  To store a text file on a diskette, select Save File from
the ST Writer menu by pressing S.  When asked "Save in ASCII format?",
hit  the  return  key.  Insert a formatted disk in your disk drive (if
you don't have a formatted disk on hand, you can have ST Writer format
one  for  you  --  see Format Disk.)  Then type a filename (optionally
including Path name -- see Path name), and press [Return].

If  your  file  already  has  a  filename associated with it (i.e. you
previously loaded it from disk, rather than creating it from scratch),
ST  Writer  prints  out that name after the Save file: prompt.  Simply
press [Return] to save the file.

Important  Note:  In  the  latter  case,  or  if the filename you have
entered  already  exists  on  disk, ST Writer does not print a warning
message  in  the  Message  Window.  Therefore if you wish to retain an
original copy of the document you are editing, save the edited version
under a different filename.

In GEM mode, this is done by selecting "Save".  Selecting "Save AS..."
allows you to specify another filename to save it under.

SEARCH  AND  REPLACE.   Use  this  feature of ST Writer to search for,
replace,  or  delete any string of text up to 57 characters in length.
On  command,  ST Writer executes a search from the current position of
the  cursor  to  the  end  or  the beginning of a text file, in either
direction.

There  are  four  ways  to  search;  Search  Reverse,  Search Forward,
Replace,  and  Query  Replace.   To conduct a Forward Search, from the
cursor  position  to  the  end  of  a file, press function key F6.  ST
Writer  then  prompts  Forward  search  <Esc>: in the Message Window.
Enter  the character, word, or phrase you wish to find, then press the
[Esc].   Using  the  [Esc]  key  as  a terminator in the search phrase
allows  you to search for phrases that include the [Return] character.
You  can  also search for other non-alphanumeric characters, including
all  [Control] key combinations.  Pressing [Esc] activates the search,
whereupon  ST  Writer  moves  the cursor to the first incidence of the
sought  phrase.  If it does not appear in the text, the Message Window
shows String was not found.

If  found,  to  search again for the same phrase, press F6 again.  The
Forward  search  <Esc>:  prompt  reappears, followed by the last seach
phrase.   Simply press [Esc] to search for that phrase.  To search for
a  different  phrase,  press  any  key  and  the  old search phrase is
automatically deleted, making room for a new search phrase.

To  search  backwards  in your file, press [Shift F6].  Reverse Search
works  identically to Forward Search, except that it searches from the
cursor  position to the beginning of the file, rather than to the end.
Forward  Search  and Reverse Search use the same buffer for the search
phrase.

If  you  want  to  replace  the  phrase  you're  searching  for with a
different  phrase,  use  function key F7.  Pressing F7 alone causes ST
Writer  to confirm each replacement operation with you, and [Shift F7]
effects  replacement  of  all occurrences of the sought phrase without
verification, also known as global replace.  After pressing either, ST
Writer  prompts:  (Query)  Replace  <Esc>:.   Enter  the search phrase
(including  presses  of [Return], if applicable), then press the [Esc]
key.   Next, ST Writer prompts: With <Esc>:.  Enter the phrase that is
to  replace  the  search phrase.  For instance, you can use Replace to
change  the  name John to Jack through your entire manuscript.  If you
have  selected  Query  Replace,  and  the  search phrase is found, the
message  window  prompts:  Type  'Y'  to  replace string:.  Pressing Y
replaces  the  phrase  and  moves  the  cursor  forward  to  the  next
occurrence of the search phrase (if any).  Pressing any other key does
not  perform  the  replacement, but still moves the cursor to the next
incidence  of  the search phrase.  Note that Replace and Query Replace
search forward only from the cursor position.

Note: if, while entering a search or replace phrase, you decide not to
make  the search after all, press [Control K] to abort the process and
return to editing your document.

If  you  press  [Shift  F7]  for global replace, all incidences of the
search phrase are automatically replaced by the replace phrase without
query.  This is a powerful command, and should be used carefully!

When  entering a search phrase, you must type it exactly as it appears
in  your  file.   When  the  string  is a single short word that might
appear  in  your  file  as a part of longer words, it's a good idea to
type  in  blank  spaces  before and after it.  If you do this, though,
include  the  same  blank  spaces in your replace phrase.  And keep in
mind  that  ST  Writer will not recognize occurrences of such a search
phrase that have punctuation marks immediately before or after them.

To halt a search-and-replace operation, press [Esc].

SECTION HEADINGS.  Use this feature of ST Writer to number section and
subsection  headings  in  a multisection document.  The easiest way to
explain its use is with an example.

Say  you're  writing  a  text  file  about  nutrition.  In outline, it
includes the following sections and subsections:

Fruits and vegetables
  Fruits
     Fresh fruits
     Preserves
  Vegetables
Dairy Products

To  number each of these section and subsection headings when entering
them  in  your  file,  press  [Control  U]  and type the number of the
section  level,  then  the  text of the heading and [Return].  In this
case,  Fruits  and vegetables is the highest level of headings, so you
type  1  after  [Shift  F8].   The  section  level for both Fruits and
Vegetables  is  2,  and  3  for  both Fresh fruits and Preserves.  For
Dairy  products,  you return to a section level of 1.  You can specify
section  levels  of 1 through 9.  Wherever you enter a section heading
command  and  number,  ST  Writer displays a European paragraph symbol
followed by the section level number you've entered.

When  it  formats and prints your file, ST Writer numbers your section
headings, raising the numbers for each occurrence of a section heading
command  at  a  given  level.  In other words, the section headings in
your file on nutrition would be numbered as follows:

1 Fruits and vegetables
1.1  Fruits
1.1.1   Fresh fruits
1.1.2   Preserves
1.2  Vegetables
2 Dairy products

You should format your section headings according to your preferences.
Add  as  many  spaces between each section level number and heading as
you  want  between  the section number and heading.  And use paragraph
markers, center or block text right commands, and print style commands
in  combination  with  your  section  heading  commands to format your
headings the way you want them.

To  reset  your  numbering  of  section  headings  --  say, in a large
document  where you want a numbered system of headings in each chapter
--  press  [Control  U] and type the number 0.  Then press [Control U]
again and the desired level number when you enter your next heading.

SOURCE  FILES.   You  can  create source code files in BASIC, LOGO, C,
etc.  with ST Writer.  Set [Control B] to 0 (zero), [Control G] to 10,
[Control L] to 1, [Control R] to 160 and [Control T] to 0.  Be certain
that  none  of  your  lines  of code exceed the 160 (80 column printer
driver)  or 198 character (136 column printer driver) limit without an
intervening  carriage return.  Also, the last page of your source code
may  not  fill  up  the whole page, and when printed will have several
carriage  returns  following  the text.  Use the print preview to find
the  page break (occurring at the end of the each page).  When you see
the  beginning  of the last page, make note of the position and number
of  lines  on  the  final  page  in  the file.  Then edit your file by
inserting  [Control  Y] followed by a number that is double the number
of  lines  on  the last page, somewhere in the text prior to the end.
Then  Print  your  file  to disk.  It is a good idea to also Save your
text file under another name in case you wish to edit it later.

SPECIAL  CHARACTERS.   Ordinarily, all ST characters with ASCII values
less  than  32  ($20  Hex)  cannot be used in your text, as these have
special  meaning  to printers, and are used internally by ST Writer as
formatting  directives.   However,  using [Control X] before and after
such  characters  will temporarily shut off the interpretation of such
characters  in  their usual meaning and will actually insert them into
your  text  (particularly  useful  if you are planning to "SAVE ASCII"
(GEM  mode  only)  and  the  disk  file you are creating requires such
characters to maintain its integrity.  This feature is for experienced
programmers.   Most  control  codes  can  be  produced  using [Control
X][Control  {Key}][Control  X].   You  may use as many [Control {key}]
characters  between the [Control X] formatting commands as needed, but
no  normal  chararacters (ASCII numbers greater than 31, $1F Hex) with
the  exception  of  [\]  which  is used solely before a [Control X] to
differentiate  it  from a terminating [Control X] formatting command.
Exceptions to the normal {key} characters are:

To get:        Use:

ASCII 0 (null) [ Return ]
[ Control A ]  [ Control U ]
[ Control U ]  [ Shift F5 ]
[ Control X ]  \[ Control X ]
[ Control Z ]  [ Control : ]
[ Escape ]     [ Control [ ] or [ Control ; ]
ASCII $1C      [ Control < ] or [ Control \ ]
ASCII $1D      [ Control = ] or [ Control ] ]
ASCII $1E      [ Control > ] or [ Control ^ ]
ASCII $1F      [ Control ? ] or [ Control _ ]

SUBSCRIPTS  AND  SUPERSCRIPTS.  Printed a half-line below or above the
line,  subscripts  and  superscripts are especially useful when you're
writing  about chemical or mathematical formulas or including footnote
numbers  in  your  text  files.  (Check the manual that came with your
printer   to   see   if   it's  capable  of  printing  subscripts  and
superscripts.)

To  specify  a  subscript,  press  function  key F10 before typing the
material  to  be  subscripted  and  [Shift  F10]  after.  To specify a
superscript, press [Shift F10] before and F10 after the material to be
superscripted.

ST  Writer  displays  inverse  video  up  and  down arrows where these
commands  are entered.  So the chemical formula for water would appear
on  your  screen  as  H(down arrow)2(up arrow)O, and Einstein's famous
Theory of Relativity as E=mc(up arrow)2(down arrow).  If you wanted to
use  a  superscript  o  as a degree symbol, the boiling point of water
would appear as 212(up arrow)o(down arrow)F.

TABS.   The  series  of arrows that appear every five spaces along the
top  of your Message Window each time you begin a work session with ST
Writer  are  the  default Tab settings of ST Writer.  To remove any of
the  default  Tab settings (or stops), first move your cursor to a Tab
stop  and  press  [Shift  F4].   ST  Writer prompts you to Type 'Y' to
clear  current tab stop: -- pressing Y clears the stop and removes its
arrow  from  the  Message  Window.  Conversely, to set a new Tab stop,
simply  position  the cursor at the desired setting and press function
key F4.

To  clear  all  Tab  stops,  press  [Control  Tab],  and to restore ST
Writer's default tab stops, press [Shift Tab].

Here are some important facts to know about using Tabs.  Using the Tab
key  alone always inserts spaces to the next Tab stop.  To tab forward
to  the  next  stop  without  inserting  spaces,  press  [Shift (right
arrow)],  and  to  tab backward to the previous tab stop, press [Shift
(left  arrow)].   Also,  Tab  settings  are saved along with your text
file;  thus,  you don't need to reset them each time you load and edit
the file.

Tabs  are  perhaps  most  often  used  to create columns of numbers or
words.   In  such  applications,  we  highly recommend that you use ST
Writer  in  TOS's  medium  or high resolution to take advantage of the
80-column screen for proper layout of your document.

UNDERLINING  TEXT.   To  enter underlined text in a file, press [Shift
F3]  before  typing in the text.  An inverse video underline character
appears.  Press [Shift F3] again to return to ordinary text.

UPPER   AND  LOWERCASE  CHARACTERS.   To  enter  a  single  upper-case
character,  of  course, you hold down the [Shift] key while typing the
character.   For  all  uppercase  letters,  press the [Caps Lock] key,
whereupon  the  letter  C  appears  in  the  right half of the message
window, and press it again to return to all lowercase.

With ST Writer you can also change letters that you've already entered
from  lower  to  uppercase  or  vice  versa.  To do this, position the
cursor on the letter you want to change and press function key F3.  To
change a series of characters, simply hold down the F3 key.